Basic Thermodynamics By Mk Muralidhara Pdf Free

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Nanomaterials have recently acquired popularity as potential adsorbents for pollutant removal in wastewater treatment. This is because nanostructured adsorbents have substantially greater efficiencies and faster adsorption rates in water treatment than traditional materials, owing to their high surface area (Sadegh et al. 2017; Tee et al. 2022). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in particular have attracted a lot of attention among nanoparticle adsorbents because of their biocompatibility, affordable price, long-term stability, surface characteristics, photocatalytic activity, nontoxicity, and powerful antibacterial activity against microbes often found in water (Akbar et al. 2019; Gu et al. 2020; Akpomie et al. 2021). As a result, various studies on the adsorption of heavy metals and radionuclides onto ZnONPs have been conducted (Kumar et al. 2013; Kaynar et al. 2014; Azizi et al. 2017; Lagashetty et al. 2020; Gu et al. 2020; Alqahtany and Khalil 2021; Davarnejad and Nikandam 2022). Due to the importance of ZnONPs in water treatment, a review of their capability as a water decontaminating agent via adsorption and photocatalysis was written (Bharti et al. 2022). Another review recorded the synthetic parameters influencing the characteristics of ZnONPs and their use in wastewater treatment (Shaba et al. 2021). Likewise, the synthesis and characterization of ZnONPs were also documented (Agarwal et al. 2017; Rl et al. 2019). However, the existing reviews lacked information on the isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of adsorption onto ZnONPs, which is essential for a thorough knowledge of any adsorption process. Only a basic sectional description of heavy metal polluted water treatment was provided in the reviews. This review addresses this shortcoming by offering valuable insight into these model interpretations as they pertain to heavy metal and radioactive adsorption onto ZnO nanoparticles. The equilibrium adsorption capacities obtained for the adsorption of heavy metals and radionuclides under different experimental conditions were examined. The isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were evaluated in addition to the regeneration and reuse of ZnONPs. Moreover, the mechanism of adsorption of the heavy metals and radionuclides onto ZnONPs was also considered. 2b1af7f3a8